Building a Pinhole Camera
Project Due Date: 11:59pm on Thursday, October 20, 2011
Overview
In this project, you will work in groups of at most 2 to design a pinhole camera.
The pinhole camera (also called the "camera obscura") is essentially a dark box with a pinhole on one face,
and a screen on the opposite face. Light reflecting off an object is directed through the pinhole to the screen,
and an inverted image of the object forms on the screen. The caveat is that it is hard to see the image formed
with the naked eye. To be able to see the image, we will use a digital camera with a long exposure time (15-30 seconds)
attached to the pinhole camera.
Note: you should start early on this project! The camera will work best when it is sunny
(and sunny days can be a rarity in Pittsburgh).
Basic Pinhole Camera Design
To design a basic easy-to-use pinhole camera, we recommend the following
(as taken from the webpage of James Hays):
- Get a cardboard box. Doesn't have to be too big, but it does have to ultimately be "lightproof";
a shoebox will do. The cardboard box should be such that the distance between the pinhole
and the screen the focal length) is longer than the minimum focus of the digital camera, so you don't get a blurry image.
- Obtain a digital camera through which you can set up a longish exposure time, about 15-30 seconds.
In many cameras, there are long exposure setting; in others, you can manipulate exposure by controlling
the aperture size and shutter speed. (While forming your teams, you should figure out who has a digital
camera with long exposure time).
- Determine which face of the box should be your screen. Cover the inside of this face with white paper; printer paper is fine.
- Cover the rest of the faces on the inside with black paper. I have tons of black paper if you need some.
- On the opposite face, cut a large hole. You will cover this hole with card paper, and
punch the pinhole into the card paper. The advantage is that you can create a neat pinhole with a wide field of view,
and test pinholes of varying sizes.
- Next to the hole for the card paper, cut a hole for the digital camera's aperture. The camera aperture
should fit snugly into the hole. The digital camera's hole should not be too far from the pinhole, since the
camera's field of view may not be wide enough to capture the screen's image: you may have to angle the digital
camera a bit towards the pinhole. If you have one of those flat cameras, then position the camera's lens on
top of the hole and cover the entire region around the camera with duct tape so that no light enters from the
digital camera's hole. Figure out the appropriate settings for the digital camera (i.e., long exposure time),
and make sure it is charged and has a memory stick before you duct tape it.
- Duct tape your box all over! You really want to make it light proof. I also have a few duct tape sheets.
To capture images:
- Take the setup to a nice sunny area.
- Point the pinhole in the direction of an object of interest.
- Set up the digital camera so that it will capture a long exposure image.
- Shoot, and hold still for 15-30 seconds.
If you've done things correctly, you'll capture a beautiful image with your pinhole camera!
Deliverables
For this project, you will use three sizes of the pinhole, for instance, .1 mm diameter
(really just a pinprick), 1 mm diameter, and 5 mm diameter. Make your design so that you
can easily switch between card papers with different hole sizes. These diameters are suggestions:
in reality, your pinhole size should be about 1.9 * sqrt(f * lambda), where f is the distance between
the pinhole and the screen, and lambda is the wavelength of light
(about 550 nm, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinhole_camera#Selection_of_pinhole_size).
If you use this size, then go a few mm up and down as well to have three pinhole sizes in total.
Report what sizes you use on your webpage.
Use all three pinhole sizes to capture two scenes (i.e., you will have six images in total).
On your webpage, include an explanation of what happens to the images when you use larger versus
smaller pinholes. In addition, capture four other images with the diameter you think did best.
Submit a few photos of your camera model itself (you can use a webcam or cell phone camera if you
do not have enough digital cameras, or bring your setup to me).
For this project, you can have one person host your web content: email me your team name
and who will be in charge of maintaining your webpage.
Bells and Whistles
- (up to 10 points)
Think of other ways to design the camera obscura. For instance, you can use tracing paper
as the screen, and view the image yourself by standing in a completely dark room and pointing
the pinhole to a window. You can find more information about such a camera obscura here:
http://streetlevelphotoworks.org/microsite/assets/downloads/create_your_own_portable_obscura.pdf
- (up to 10 points)
Try the light painting idea that we saw in class: http://people.csail.mit.edu/fredo/Photos/PaintingWithLight/,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_painting
- (up to 10 points)
The issues with changing pinhole sizes can be averted by using a lens. Replace the
pinhole with a lens and capture images. I have four C-lens mounts whose focal lengths can
be varied. They will be available on a first come first serve basis, so let me know soon if you
need one. If you do borrow a C-lens mount, and are done using it, share it with a team who might need one.
- (up to 10 points)
Try using a photographic film instead of the digital camera. To do so, you need to insert the film
into the camera in total darkness. Once the film is in the camera, before taking the setup into a
lit area, cover the pinhole. While capturing your image, expose the pinhole for only 1-2 seconds.
You can find some useful tips over here:
http://www.kodak.com/global/en/consumer/education/lessonPlans/pinholeCamera/pinholeCanBox.shtml.
- (up to 10 points) Camera
Obscura in your room!
Grading
- (40 points) Box design
- (60 points) Image capture and analysis
- (up to 40 points) Suggested bells and whistles
- (up to 10 points) Additional bells and whistles
All people in a team get the same grade.
Programming Project #4 (proj4)